/******************************************************************************

 *  Compilation:  javac StdOut.java
 *  Execution:    java StdOut
 *  Dependencies: none
 *
 *  Writes data of various types to standard output.
 *
 ******************************************************************************/

 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStreamWriter; 
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
 import java.util.Locale;
 
 /**
  *  This class provides methods for printing strings and numbers to standard output.
  *  <p>
  *  <b>Getting started.</b>
  *  To use this class, you must have {@code StdOut.class} in your
  *  Java classpath. If you used our autoinstaller, you should be all set.
  *  Otherwise, either download
  *  <a href = "https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/code/stdlib.jar">stdlib.jar</a>
  *  and add to your Java classpath or download
  *  <a href = "https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/stdlib/StdOut.java">StdOut.java</a>
  *  and put a copy in your working directory.
  *  <p>
  *  Here is an example program that uses {@code StdOut}:
  *  <pre>
  *   public class TestStdOut {
  *       public static void main(String[] args) {
  *           int a = 17;
  *           int b = 23;
  *           int sum = a + b;
  *           StdOut.println("Hello, World");
  *           StdOut.printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, sum);
  *       }
  *   }
  *  </pre>
  *  <p>
  *  <b>Differences with System.out.</b>
  *  The behavior of {@code StdOut} is similar to that of {@link System#out},
  *  but there are a few technical differences:
  *  <ul>
  *  <li> {@code StdOut} coerces the character-set encoding to UTF-8,
  *       which is a standard character encoding for Unicode.
  *  <li> {@code StdOut} coerces the locale to {@link Locale#US},
  *       for consistency with {@link StdIn}, {@link Double#parseDouble(String)},
  *       and floating-point literals.
  *  <li> {@code StdOut} <em>flushes</em> standard output after each call to
  *       {@code print()} so that text will appear immediately in the terminal.
  *  </ul>
  *  <p>
  *  <b>Reference.</b>
  *  For additional documentation,
  *  see <a href="https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/15inout">Section 1.5</a> of
  *  <em>Computer Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach</em>
  *  by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
  *
  *  @author Robert Sedgewick
  *  @author Kevin Wayne
  */
 public final class StdOut {
 
     // force Unicode UTF-8 encoding; otherwise it's system dependent
     private static final String CHARSET_NAME = "UTF-8";
 
     // assume language = English, country = US for consistency with StdIn
     private static final Locale LOCALE = Locale.US;
 
     // send output here
     private static PrintWriter out;
 
     // this is called before invoking any methods
     static {
         reset();
     }
 
     // don't instantiate
     private StdOut() { }
 
     public static void setFile(String filename) {
         try {
             // Create folders if they don't exist
             java.io.File f = new java.io.File(filename);
             if (f.getParentFile() != null) f.getParentFile().mkdirs();
             out = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream(new java.io.File(filename)), true);
         }
         catch (java.io.IOException ioe) {
             System.err.println("Could not open " + filename);
         }
     }
 
     public static void close() {
         out.close();
     }
 
     public static void reset() {
         try {
            // Let go of file stream so it can be closed
             out = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out, CHARSET_NAME), true);
         } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
             System.out.println(e);
         }
     }
 
    /**
      * Terminates the current line by printing the line-separator string.
      */
     public static void println() {
         out.println();
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints an object to this output stream and then terminates the line.
      *
      * @param x the object to print
      */
     public static void println(Object x) {
         out.println(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a boolean to standard output and then terminates the line.
      *
      * @param x the boolean to print
      */
     public static void println(boolean x) {
         out.println(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a character to standard output and then terminates the line.
      *
      * @param x the character to print
      */
     public static void println(char x) {
         out.println(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a double to standard output and then terminates the line.
      *
      * @param x the double to print
      */
     public static void println(double x) {
         out.println(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints an integer to standard output and then terminates the line.
      *
      * @param x the integer to print
      */
     public static void println(float x) {
         out.println(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints an integer to standard output and then terminates the line.
      *
      * @param x the integer to print
      */
     public static void println(int x) {
         out.println(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a long to standard output and then terminates the line.
      *
      * @param x the long to print
      */
     public static void println(long x) {
         out.println(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a short integer to standard output and then terminates the line.
      *
      * @param x the short to print
      */
     public static void println(short x) {
         out.println(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a byte to standard output and then terminates the line.
      * <p>
      * To write binary data, see {@link BinaryStdOut}.
      *
      * @param x the byte to print
      */
     public static void println(byte x) {
         out.println(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Flushes standard output.
      */
     public static void print() {
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints an object to standard output and flushes standard output.
      * 
      * @param x the object to print
      */
     public static void print(Object x) {
         out.print(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a boolean to standard output and flushes standard output.
      * 
      * @param x the boolean to print
      */
     public static void print(boolean x) {
         out.print(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a character to standard output and flushes standard output.
      * 
      * @param x the character to print
      */
     public static void print(char x) {
         out.print(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a double to standard output and flushes standard output.
      * 
      * @param x the double to print
      */
     public static void print(double x) {
         out.print(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a float to standard output and flushes standard output.
      * 
      * @param x the float to print
      */
     public static void print(float x) {
         out.print(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints an integer to standard output and flushes standard output.
      * 
      * @param x the integer to print
      */
     public static void print(int x) {
         out.print(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a long integer to standard output and flushes standard output.
      * 
      * @param x the long integer to print
      */
     public static void print(long x) {
         out.print(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a short integer to standard output and flushes standard output.
      * 
      * @param x the short integer to print
      */
     public static void print(short x) {
         out.print(x);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a byte to standard output and flushes standard output.
      *
      * @param x the byte to print
      */
     public static void print(byte x) {
         out.print(x);
         out.flush();
     }
     
 
    /**
      * Prints a formatted string to standard output, using the specified format
      * string and arguments, and then flushes standard output.
      *
      *
      * @param format the <a href = "http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Formatter.html#syntax">format string</a>
      * @param args   the arguments accompanying the format string
      */
     public static void printf(String format, Object... args) {
         out.printf(LOCALE, format, args);
         out.flush();
     }
 
    /**
      * Prints a formatted string to standard output, using the locale and
      * the specified format string and arguments; then flushes standard output.
      *
      * @param locale the locale
      * @param format the <a href = "http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Formatter.html#syntax">format string</a>
      * @param args   the arguments accompanying the format string
      */
     public static void printf(Locale locale, String format, Object... args) {
         out.printf(locale, format, args);
         out.flush();
     }
 
     
     /**
      * Unit tests some of the methods in {@code StdOut}.
      *
      * @param args the command-line arguments
      */
     public static void main(String[] args) {
 
         // write to stdout
         StdOut.println("Test");
         StdOut.println(17);
         StdOut.println(true);
         StdOut.printf("%.6f\n", 1.0/7.0);
     }
 
 }